如何正確應(ying)用里氏硬(ying)度計測量

      如何正確應用里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)計測量(liang)技(ji)術(shu)里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)測試(shi)技(ji)術(shu)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)際上(shang)繼布、洛、維、肖氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)之后新(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)技(ji)術(shu)，依據(ju)里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)理論制(zhi)造的(de)里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)儀改變了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統的(de)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)測試(shi)方法。由于硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)傳(chuan)感器小如一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)筆，可以手握(wo)傳(chuan)感器在生產(chan)現場直接對工件進行各種(zhong)方向的(de)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)檢(jian)測，因此是(shi)其它臺式硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)儀所難以勝任(ren)的(de)。自(zi)里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)儀誕生以來，在國(guo)(guo)際上(shang)的(de)普及程度(du)(du)(du)越(yue)來越(yue)廣。在中國(guo)(guo)，里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)技(ji)術(shu)已(yi)(yi)有初步發(fa)展(zhan)，為了(le)(le)推廣這一(yi)(yi)先進技(ji)術(shu)，參照(zhao)國(guo)(guo)際標(biao)準(zhun)，機械(xie)工業部(bu)已(yi)(yi)頒布了(le)(le)"里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)儀技(ji)術(shu)條(tiao)件ZBN7l010-90"，國(guo)(guo)家質量(liang)技(ji)術(shu)監督局已(yi)(yi)頒布"金屬里氏(shi)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)試(shi)驗方法GB/T17394-1998"。

一(yi)、什(shen)么是(shi)里氏(shi)硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)里氏(shi)硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)概念是(shi)由(you)瑞士Dr.DietmarLeeb博士提(ti)出來的(de)，它是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)動態硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)試驗法。硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)傳感(gan)器(qi)的(de)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)體在(zai)與被測工件沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)過(guo)程中，距(ju)工件表(biao)面1mm時的(de)反彈速度(du)(du)(du)(du)與沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)速度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)比值乘以1000，定義為里氏(shi)硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)值，以HL表(biao)示(shi)里氏(shi)硬(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)計(ji)算公式如下：HL=Vb/Va＆#215;1000 Vb:表(biao)示(shi)反彈速度(du)(du)(du)(du) Va:表(biao)示(shi)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)速度(du)(du)(du)(du)

二、里氏(shi)硬度儀的(de)特點

1、肖氏及里氏硬度均屬動載測(ce)試法，但肖氏考察的是沖擊體反(fan)(fan)彈的垂直高(gao)度，因此決定了(le)肖氏硬度儀要垂直向(xiang)下使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，這勢(shi)必(bi)在(zai)實際使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中造成很大(da)的局限性(xing)；而(er)里氏就不同了(le)，里氏考察的是沖擊體反(fan)(fan)彈與(yu)沖擊的速度，通過(guo)速度修正，可(ke)在(zai)任(ren)意方(fang)向(xiang)上(shang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，極大(da)地方(fang)便了(le)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者(zhe)。

2、通(tong)常使用的(de)布、洛、維(wei)氏硬(ying)(ying)度計．由于體積龐大，不便于在現場使用，特別是需(xu)測(ce)(ce)試大、重型工件(jian)時。由于硬(ying)(ying)度計工作(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)無法容(rong)(rong)納，所以根本無法檢測(ce)(ce)。而里氏硬(ying)(ying)度儀無需(xu)工作(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)，其硬(ying)(ying)度傳感(gan)器小如一只(zhi)筆，可(ke)用手直接操作(zuo)(zuo)，無論(lun)是大、重型工件(jian)還是幾何尺(chi)寸復雜的(de)工件(jian)都能容(rong)(rong)易地檢測(ce)(ce)。

三(san)、里氏硬(ying)度的相關因素

里(li)氏硬度(du)(du)試(shi)驗法既然是動(dong)載測試(shi)法，那么里(li)氏硬度(du)(du)值(zhi)必(bi)然與金屬材(cai)料的(de)(de)彈(dan)性模(mo)量(liang)E有(you)關．而材(cai)料的(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)所對應(ying)的(de)(de)彈(dan)性模(mo)量(liang)也(ye)不同(tong)(tong)所以里(li)氏硬度(du)(du)儀是按材(cai)料種類進行分(fen)類測試(shi)的(de)(de)。

四、里(li)氏硬(ying)度(du)與其它(ta)硬(ying)度(du)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)里(li)氏硬(ying)度(du)值(zhi)(zhi)與其它(ta)硬(ying)度(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(HRC、HRB、HB、HV、HSD)之間(jian)有(you)對應關(guan)系．因此可將(jiang)里(li)氏值(zhi)(zhi)(HL)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成其它(ta)硬(ying)度(du)值(zhi)(zhi)．里(li)氏硬(ying)度(du)儀可通過機(ji)內微(wei)電腦進(jin)行自動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)。

五、里氏硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與其它(ta)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)分類對比及檢測要(yao)求從微觀形變上分類，布(bu)、洛(luo)、維氏硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)考察的(de)是材料的(de)塑(su)性形變，表現為(wei)壓(ya)痕的(de)大小或深度(du)(du)(du)(du)；里、肖氏硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)考察的(de)是材料的(de)彈性形變，表現為(wei)反彈速度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)大小或高度(du)(du)(du)(du)。

六(liu)、里氏硬度儀對測(ce)量的要求

1、試(shi)樣表面的(de)要求(qiu)測試(shi)面應(ying)有(you)金屬光澤，不應(ying)有(you)氧化皮及其它污物，表面粗糙度應(ying)符(fu)合如下要求(qiu)： 沖擊裝置類(lei)型試(shi)件表面粗糙度(um) D、DC型≤1.6G型≤6.3 C型≤0.4

2、試樣(yang)(yang)重量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)試樣(yang)(yang)必須(xu)有足夠(gou)的質(zhi)量(liang)及剛(gang)性以保證(zheng)在(zai)重建過(guo)程中不(bu)產生位移(yi)或彈動，質(zhi)量(liang)應符 合如下要(yao)求(qiu)：沖(chong)擊裝置類型(xing)(xing)試樣(yang)(yang)質(zhi)量(liang)(Kg)穩定放(fang)置固定或夾持(chi)需耦合 D、DC型(xing)(xing)>52～50.05～2 G型(xing)(xing)>155～150.5～5C型(xing)(xing)>1.50.5～1.50.02～0.5

3、試樣厚度要求 試樣應有足夠(gou)的

4、試樣(yang)具有表(biao)(biao)面(mian)硬(ying)化層，其硬(ying)化層深(shen)度應符合如下要求(qiu)：沖擊裝置類型(xing)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)硬(ying)化層深(shen)度D、DC型(xing)≥0.8 C型(xing)≥0.2

5、對(dui)于凹、凸(tu)、圓柱面(mian)及球面(mian)試(shi)樣，其表(biao)面(mian)曲(qu)率半徑應符合如下要求：沖擊(ji)裝置類(lei)型(xing)表(biao)面(mian)曲(qu)率半徑(mm)D、DC型(xing)≥30 C型(xing)≥50 對(dui)于表(biao)面(mian)為曲(qu)面(mian)的試(shi)樣，應使用適當的支(zhi)撐環，以(yi)保證沖擊(ji)頭沖擊(ji)瞬間位置偏(pian)差(cha)在(zai)0.5mm之內。

6、試樣不應(ying)帶有(you)磁(ci)性。

7、每個(ge)測量點間距應大(da)于(yu)3～4mm，不(bu)可(ke)在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)點上重復測試，否(fou)則會引起(qi)較大(da)的誤差。同(tong)(tong)時會減短傳感器的使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)。

七、影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個問(wen)題(ti)(ti)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)動態力(li)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)(xia)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)金(jin)(jin)屬硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，所以(yi)(yi)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結(jie)果準確性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)多，故(gu)應(ying)(ying)對(dui)這(zhe)些因(yin)素(su)如(ru)以(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)，主要(yao)包括(kuo):試(shi)(shi)驗條(tiao)件(jian)、試(shi)(shi)驗對(dui)象(xiang)、操(cao)作(zuo)技術和(he)(he)數(shu)據處理(li)等幾(ji)個關(guan)健環節，下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)將就一(yi)(yi)(yi)些具(ju)體(ti)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)探討一(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)：1、試(shi)(shi)件(jian)曲(qu)率對(dui)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現場工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，經(jing)常(chang)遇到曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)件(jian)，各種(zhong)曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)對(dui)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正確操(cao)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，沖(chong)擊體(ti)落(luo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)件(jian)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)瞬間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置與平面(mian)(mian)(mian)試(shi)(shi)件(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，故(gu)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)支撐(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)環即可(ke)。但(dan)當曲(qu)率小(xiao)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)尺寸(cun)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)形和(he)(he)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀態相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)(cha)顯著，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)使沖(chong)頭回(hui)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)速度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)偏(pian)(pian)低(di)，從而(er)(er)使里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)示(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)低(di)。2、數(shu)據換(huan)算(suan)(suan)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)為其(qi)(qi)他硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)包括(kuo)兩(liang)個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)本(ben)身測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)，里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)為其(qi)(qi)他硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)包括(kuo)兩(liang)個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)本(ben)身測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)，這(zhe)涉(she)及到按同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)重復(fu)進(jin)行(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)散和(he)(he)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)多臺同(tong)型(xing)(xing)號(hao)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)驗方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)所測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)各種(zhong)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)關(guan)系，并受(shou)到相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。本(ben)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自動完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故(gu)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)布(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、洛氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、維氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、肖氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)標準塊直接確定(ding) 硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。 3、特(te)(te)殊材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)為誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)存儲在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)表(biao)(biao)對(dui)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)種(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產生偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)(cha)(cha)： 高合(he)金(jin)(jin)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang) ◆所有奧氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)◆在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高速鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中(zhong)，耐熱工(gong)具(ju)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)和(he)(he)萊(lai)(lai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)鉻鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(工(gong)具(ju)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)類(lei)(lei))硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)質材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(萊(lai)(lai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)碳化(hua)物，例如(ru)M7C3和(he)(he)M6C會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增加，從而(er)(er)使HL值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)低(di)。這(zhe)類(lei)(lei)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)橫截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)。◆局部(bu)冷卻(que)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)，例如(ru)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)切(qie)割或不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)制(zhi)備也(ye)(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)HL值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)高。 磁(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)◆在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)檢驗磁(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)磁(ci)場影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)使HL值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)低(di)，如(ru)磁(ci)場較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)，建議不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)此種(zhong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。 表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)◆表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)產生硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)，由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)基體(ti)軟，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)使HL值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)低(di)，當硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)層(ceng)大(da)于(yu)(yu)0.8mm時(shi)(shi)(C型(xing)(xing)沖(chong)擊裝(zhuang)置為0.2mm)，則不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)HL值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)特(te)(te)殊材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)，自己建立對(dui)比(bi)關(guan)系。 ◆試(shi)(shi)驗面(mian)(mian)(mian)必(bi)須仔細制(zhi)備 ◆如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)行(xing)耦(ou)合(he)，選擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)足(zu)寸(cun)盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)大(da)◆試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei) ◆用(yong)(yong)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)范圍(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)塊檢查靜態硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)計準確性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。◆在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)上(shang)用(yong)(yong)靜態硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)計測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)三個點(dian)(dian)，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)壓痕周圍(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)五(wu)個值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，取其(qi)(qi)平均值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)兩(liang)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)即可(ke)得出(chu)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)范圍(wei)(wei)。也(ye)(ye)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)用(yong)(yong)上(shang)述方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)繪(hui)出(chu)換(huan)算(suan)(suan)曲(qu)線(xian)。4、齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)模(mo)(mo)數(shu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)7的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)齒(chi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)**度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)模(mo)(mo)數(shu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)7時(shi)(shi)，由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)齒(chi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)；測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，對(dui)此，用(yong)(yong)戶可(ke)根(gen)據情況(kuang)設計相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)裝(zhuang)，將有利于(yu)(yu)減小(xiao)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。5、材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)除與硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)外，更與彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)有關(guan)，硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征參數(shu)，因(yin)為兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)必(bi)然是(shi)(shi)(shi)共同(tong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，首先明顯受(shou)E模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)當材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靜態硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，而(er)(er)E值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)小(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)。E值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，HL值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)。根(gen)據材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。合(he)金(jin)(jin)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)及熱處理(li)狀態可(ke)以(yi)(yi)對(dui)各種(zhong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)。 6、熱軋(ya)(ya)方(fang)(fang)向造(zao)成(cheng)構誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)當被測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)件(jian)系熱軋(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)，如(ru)果測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)向與軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)方(fang)(fang)向一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)因(yin)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)"E"偏(pian)(pian)大(da)而(er)(er)造(zao)成(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)低(di)，故(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)向應(ying)(ying)垂直于(yu)(yu)熱軋(ya)(ya)方(fang)(fang)向。例如(ru)：測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)圓(yuan)柱件(jian)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)徑向測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)為好(一(yi)(yi)(yi)般圓(yuan)柱件(jian)熱軋(ya)(ya)方(fang)(fang)向為軸(zhou)向)。 7、其(qi)(qi)它因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang) 對(dui)管(guan)件(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)需注意(yi)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)幾(ji)點(dian)(dian)：◆管(guan)件(jian)注意(yi)穩固支撐(cheng)(cheng)(cheng) ◆測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)點(dian)(dian)應(ying)(ying)靠(kao)(kao)近支撐(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)點(dian)(dian)且與支撐(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)平行(xing) ◆管(guan)壁較(jiao)(jiao)薄時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)內(nei)放入適當芯子在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)熱處理(li)過程中(zhong)，有時(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)金(jin)(jin)屬材(cai)(cai)(cai)質發(fa)生改變(bian)(bian)（如(ru)20Cr鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)經(jing)滲(shen)碳-淬火后由(you)(you)合(he)金(jin)(jin)結(jie)構鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)低(di)合(he)金(jin)(jin)工(gong)具(ju)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)），在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，應(ying)(ying)注意(yi)選擇(ze)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。工(gong)件(jian)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)離散性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)造(zao)成(cheng)試(shi)(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)，應(ying)(ying)根(gen)據經(jing)驗分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)，合(he)理(li)解釋試(shi)(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。操(cao)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)、試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)制(zhi)備、探頭配置如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正確，也(ye)(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。總之(zhi)：所有硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)計都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)萬能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠解決所有問(wen)題(ti)(ti)、**無瑕(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)！而(er)(er)便攜(xie)式(shi)里(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)計，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)簡易、痕跡小(xiao)、硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)廣泛、攜(xie)帶(dai)方(fang)(fang)便，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)空間(jian)、方(fang)(fang)位等限(xian)制(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)臺式(shi)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有益補充和(he)(he)擴展！在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)，軋(ya)(ya)輥、容(rong)器制(zhi)造(zao)、鍛壓等行(xing)業大(da)有蔓延(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)忽視其(qi)(qi)流(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)